导航星座的任务重构技术研究

以COMPASS卫星导航星座为对象,研究了导航任务的重构技术。首先,对COMPASS卫星导航星座的主要性能进行了分析和仿真;其次,分析了星座中部分卫星失效后对导航性能的影响;最后,提出了分别利用在轨运行的高、中、低轨卫星及临近空间飞行器进行任务重构的方法,并对重构后的导航性能进行了仿真。仿真结果表明：提出的任务重构方法对于保证导航星座的正常运行是有效的。同时,对于研究飞行器应急测控技术具有借鉴意义。     

基于积分多普勒平滑伪距的导航算法研究

载体处于高动态机动、障碍遮挡、信号干扰和多路径等复杂环境时,GNSS接收机跟踪环路易发生信号失锁和相位失调,导致载波相位观测值发生较大变化,采用载波相位平滑伪距将严重影响导航精度。为改善GNSS接收机导航性能,对电离层效应及延时校正模型进行了研究,基于α-β滤波算法提出了基于积分多普勒平滑伪距的导航算法。实验结果表明:采用该算法在静态、动态条件下定位精度优于5m,测速精度优于0.05m/s,可显著提高GNSS接收机的导航精度。     

基于MHSS算法的ARAIM完好性和可用性预测

传统的接收机自主完好性监视只能提供非精密进近阶段的完好性监视,无法实现对完好性要求更加严格的飞行阶段的监视,而高级接收机自主完好性监视（AdvancedReceiverAutonomousIntegrityMonitoring,ARAIM）可以在精密进近阶段为飞机提供满足航向信标性能垂直引导（LocalizerPerformancewithVerticalguidance,LPV）的完好性监视服务。文章基于多假设分组解算法,根据目前的星座环境,结合民航不同飞行阶段的应用需求,对ARAIM算法进行仿真研究。针对水平保护级（HorizontalProtectionLevel,HPL）和垂直保护级（VerticalProtectionLevel,VPL）的指标,在不同星座组合环境下,选取南北半球不同经纬度的5个观测机场,分别仿真了HPL和VPL的变化情况,并对全球HPL和VPL平均分布趋势,以及以99%的概率满足LPV-200进近可用性指标时,ARAIM可用性的全球覆盖率进行了仿真预测分析。仿真结果表明,不论是全球定位系统和格洛纳斯双星座还是增加北斗卫星导航系统后的三星座,5个观测机场的HPL和VPL均能满足LPV-200进近对完好性指标的要求;但在全球范围内,双星座条件下,ARAIM并不能完全支持LPV-200进近对完好性监视的要求,而三星座则可大大提高ARAIM的可用性,为民航用户提供满足精密进近的所需导航服务性能。     

利用GNSS实现高轨卫星自主导航的新方案

针对GNSS应用于GEO卫星导航存在的导航信号弱、可见卫星少、定位几何差等突出问题,探讨了一种在GPS导航星冲天面安装导航天线并辐射导航信号的新方案,设计了冲天面天线和GEO接收天线的波束宽度和增益以及讨论了冲天天线所需发射功率,分析了新方案中GEO卫星对GPS卫星可见性、GDOP和定位精度。分析表明,新方案仅需从现有导航星引出一部天线,即可实现以小于10W的功率代价使得GEO卫星80%以上的时间里可以利用GPS系统定位,且定位精度约77m。通过仿真验证了本方案的可行性。     

X-ray pulsar navigation method for spacecraft with pulsar direction error

In order to reduce the impact of the pulsar direction error on the navigation system performance, a novel X-ray pulsar navigation technique is proposed. Through analyzing the system bias caused by the pulsar direction error, it can be seen that the system bias is slowly time-varying. Based on the analysis result, the augmented state unscented Kalman filter (ASUKF), in which the system bias is treated as the augmented state, is designed here to deal with the system bias and estimate spacecraft’s positions and velocities. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed navigation method. The ASUKF-based navigation method for spacecraft is more accurate than the method based on unscented Kalman filter (UKF) in the presence of the pulsar direction error.     

Onboard orbit determination using GPS observations based on the unscented Kalman filter

Spaceborne GPS receivers are used for real-time navigation by most low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. In general, the position and velocity accuracy of GPS navigation solutions without a dynamic filter are 25 m (1σ) and 0.5 m/s (1σ), respectively. However, GPS navigation solutions, which consist of position, velocity, and GPS receiver clock bias, have many abnormal excursions from the normal error range for space operation. These excursions lessen the accuracy of attitude control and onboard time synchronization. In this research, a new onboard orbit determination algorithm designed with the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) was developed to improve the performance. Because the UKF is able to obtain the posterior mean and covariance accurately by using the second-order Taylor series expansion through the sampled sigma points that are propagated by using the true nonlinear system, its performance can be better than that of the extended Kalman filter (EKF), which uses the linearized state transition matrix to predict the covariance. The dynamic models for orbit propagation applied perturbations due to the 40 × 40 geo-potential, the gravity of the Sun and Moon, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag. The 7(8)th-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration was applied for orbit propagation. Two types of observations, navigation solutions and C/A code pseudorange, can be used at the user’s discretion. The performances of the onboard orbit determination were verified using real GPS data of the CHAMP and KOMPSAT-2 satellites. The results of the orbit determination were compared with the precision orbit ephemeris (POE) of the CHAMP and KOMPSAT-2 satellites.     

基于Hadamard方差的导航星座自主时间同步算法研究

文章在总结国内外研究成果基础上,针对GPS铷钟虽然短期稳定性较好,但采用Allan方差描述铷钟频率稳定性时,其钟差状态方程仅为两参数,在较长平滑时间里存在时钟漂移和甚低频噪声的影响,使噪声特性淹没或估值不收敛的缺陷,引入Hadamard方差建立了三参数系统状态误差模型,通过三次采样方差从模型上解决了线形漂移和甚低频噪声的影响问题。在时钟系统状态模型和星间双向测量方程建模基础上,给出了工程实用的标准Kalman基本滤波方程。数值分析仿真表明,采用Hadamard方差描述时钟频率稳定性显著提高星载时钟自主同步精度,从而克服了Allan方差描述产生的频率漂移影响较大和甚低频噪声不收敛的问题。     

在轨服务航天器导航系统仿真研究

在轨服务航天器（On\|orbit Servicing Spacecraft—OSS）具有重要的军事和民用价值。 分析了OSS的导航任务,给出了导航系统总体方案并设计了导航工作模式。构建了OSS导航仿 真系统的总体框架,分析了OSS导航仿真系统组成及仿真支撑环境,基于MATLAB／RTW仿真平 台开发了OSS导航数字仿真软件。对数据时间同步技术、导航模式切换技术、推力分配算法 等关键技术进行了分析。
     

Optimization of communication network topology for navigation sharing among distributed satellites

Navigation sharing among distributed satellites is quite important for coordinated motion and collision avoidance. This paper proposes optimization methods of the communication network topology to achieve navigation sharing. The whole communication network constructing by inter-satellite links are considered as a topology graph. The aim of this paper is to find the communication network topology with minimum communication connections’ number (MCCN) in different conditions. It has found that the communication capacity and the number of channels are two key parameters affecting the results. The model of MCCN topology for navigation sharing is established and corresponding method is designed. Two main scenarios, viz., homogeneous case and heterogeneous case, are considered. For the homogeneous case where each member has the same communication capacity, it designs a construction method (Algorithm 1) to find the MCCN topology. For the heterogeneous case, it introduces a modified genetic algorithm (Algorithm 2) to find the MCCN topology. When considering the fact that the number of channels is limited, the Algorithm 2 is further modified by adding a penalized term in the fitness function. The effectiveness of these algorithms is all proved in theoretical. Three examples are further tested to illustrate the methods developed in this paper.     

GNSS中基于双星故障的RAIM中的数学关系

从理论上推导全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)中基于双星故障的接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)中的两个基本定理,为基于双星故障的RAIM技术提供了理论支撑。第一个定理给出了RAIM中奇偶矢量与导航误差的关系,指出了两者的统计独立性,它表明只能通过多次测量的累积以统计方法得到导航定位精度;第二个定理指出可通过偏差修正方式得到正确的导航解。这两个结论与单星故障假设条件下得到的结论是相同的,这就表明,基于单星故障假设的RAIM方法,其基本原理是可以通用于双星以至于多星故障情形的,只需在具体操作上进行适应性改进。另外,推导方法本身也提供了一种进行GNSS分析的有力工具。